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POLITICS

by Ben Taylor

President Samia officially nominated as CCM candidate for 2025 elections

The ruling CCM party has formally nominated President Samia Suluhu Hassan, the country’s current president, as the party’s presidential candidate in the elections scheduled for October 2025. She is currently serving out the term of President Magufuli, who won re-election in 2020 but died a few months later.

The party’s national congress passed a resolution on January 19th, endorsing President Samia Suluhu Hassan and President Hussein Ali Hassan Mwinyi as its official candidates for the Union and Zanzibar presidential elections, respectively. The resolution was unanimously approved by all delegates and followed pressure from the floor and a recommendation from former President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete.

“If we want to decide today that Samia is our candidate and Mwinyi is our candidate, we have the authority to do so,” Mr Kikwete told the delegates, to much applause.

Turning to President Samia, who chaired the congress, Mr Kikwete remarked: “Madam Chairperson, I am not sure whether I have clarified matters or made them more confusing. But the people have spoken. If they want you to continue, who else will say no?”

He then proposed that the congress formalise the decision through a written resolution to avoid ambiguity, which was then done. At the same meeting, President Hassan nominated Dr Emmanuel Nchimbi as her running mate for the upcoming elections. His nomination came shortly after Vice President Dr Philip Mpango requested to step down.

“After receiving Vice President Mpango’s letter, I consulted our elders and shared my thoughts,” President Hassan said. “Together, we agreed on one name that embodies experience and capability. That name is Dr Emmanuel Nchimbi.”

Dr Nchimbi, currently CCM’s Secretary-General, is well-versed in navigating high-stakes government and party leadership. He has a long CV both within the party and in government, as a former chair of the party’s youth wing, UVCCM, and former Home Affairs Minister (2012­13) under President Kikwete, among many other positions. He spent much of the last decade outside the country, as Tanzania’s ambassador to Brazil (2016-21) and then Egypt (2022-23).

He was a prominent support of Edward Lowassa in his 2015 bid for the CCM presidential nomination, though he did not follow Mr Lowassa to Chadema when his candidacy was rebuffed by CCM. Indeed, he was later seen as an important figure in efforts to negotiate a rapprochement, and some analysts have suggested that his ability to reach all parts of the party was a key factor in his nomination.

“By choosing someone like Dr Nchimbi, the party is not just prioritising competence but also signalling that it values unity and inclusivity,” said political analyst Faraja Kristomus of the University of Dar es Salaam.

Reading the runes – and the room
This is the earliest that CCM has settled on a presidential candidate. Indeed, it is believed to be the first time that there has been no procedure for collecting and submitting presidential nomination forms. And while the calls for the various nominations were apparently driven by delegates to the meeting, there can be little doubt that this was a pre-planned move. Some analysts suggested the vice-president’s letter announcing his intention to step down was choreographed.

This suggests that President Samia has become more adept in navigating the intricate dynamics and factions within CCM, effectively cutting off any potential obstacles to her candidacy in the 2025 elections before such shoots were able to emerge. It may also indicate that senior figures in the party are keen to project an image of unity as they approach the 2025 elections. The contrast with the current situation at the main opposition party, Chadema, is stark – see article below.

Nevertheless, the manoeuvre is not without risks. It doesn’t exude confidence if you need to launch a surprise raid while your potential opponents are unprepared. More seriously, those with presidential ambitions within the party will have to wait for another five years, and some may decide that their prospects look brighter outside CCM. Or they may feel that their time would be better spent in the background, preparing for 2030 rather than lining up behind President Samia’s 2025 campaign.

“Today we have finished the work. If there is someone who dreams of running for the presidency, forget it. Today is the end of the work. And if there is someone who had those dreams, maybe he should run for his mother’s party, but for the CCM, the work is done and completed,” said one delegate, Mr George Ruhoro, the MP for Ngara.

Those with dreams may also find that Dr Nchimbi now starts the race for the 2030 nomination in pole position. However, they will not give up hope, as the party’s practise on presidential nominations has generally been to recruit from those in mid-level ministerial experience rather than sitting vice-presidents or prime ministers.

Chadema power struggles
While the ruling party’s 2025 nominations process has concluded early, more than nine months ahead of the likely election date, the leading opposition party, Chadema, finds itself focussed on in-fighting. Specifically, the party’s previous presidential candidate, Tundu Lissu, is seeking to take over as party chair from the long-standing incumbent, Freeman Mbowe.

Supporters of Lissu argue that after 21 years under Mbowe’s stewardship without significant electoral success, Chadema needs fresh leadership. Meanwhile, Mbowe’s followers have accused Lissu of being divisive and breaching party confidentiality.

The accusations and counter-accusations from both camps, as well as the strong rhetoric employed by the candidates’ supporters, have only served to raise tensions and concerns. Observers worry that the process could deepen internal fractures, especially given the passionate support both candidates command.

Addressing Chadema’s National Executive Council in Dar es Salaam on January 20th, Mbowe urged members to remain steadfast in their commitment to the party’s mission.

“We have not come to Dar es Salaam to divide ourselves but to build and strengthen this party to fulfil the dreams of Tanzanians,” Mbowe said. He warned against succumbing to external forces seeking to destabilise Chadema and stressed that differences should strengthen rather than weaken the party.

“The whole world is watching. Our opponents are observing us, and our friends are waiting in anticipation. Let us demonstrate that Chadema is united and part of God’s plan,” he added.

Nevertheless, Mr Mbowe’s campaign took a heavy blow the same day when one of the party’s most prominent former MPs, Godbless Lema, previously an Mbowe-loyalist, declared his support for Tundu Lissu.

Lissu is well-known for his strong anti-corruption stance both within and outside the party. This endears him to the public, which is tired of corruption and other forms of malpractice in the running of public institutions. His clear commitment to transparency and accountability further strengthens his appeal as a leader capable of driving meaningful change.

In contrast, Mbowe has often appeared to struggle with the contrast between his demands for transparency and accountability from government on the one hand and his own domineering approach to party leadership on the other, though he has recently taken some steps to address internal governance issues under his leadership. STOP PRESS: After writing the above, on January 22nd, Tundu Lissu was elected as chair of Chadema. Mr Mbowe conceded defeat, writing on X: “I fully accept the decision of the General Assembly election of our party, Chadema. … I congratulate Hon. Tundu Lissu and his team for being entrusted with the party’s leadership. I wish them all the best as they move the party forward.”

Opposition, the media and activists face pressure
In October 2024, three of Tanzania’s leading newspapers – The Citizen, Mwananchi and Mwanaspoti – had their website licenses suspended by the government after publishing an animated video deemed to overstep the line in its criticism of President Samia Suluhu Hassan.

The three papers – all part of the same media house – were banned from publishing anything on their websites, on YouTube or social media for 30 days. The Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA) said the video violated the Electronic and Postal Communications (Online Content) Regulations of 2020. Specifically, the regulator said the content “threatens and is likely to affect and harm national unity and social peace of the United Republic of Tanzania”.
The animated video depicted a female character who resembled the President with her signature hijab. It showed the character switching between different TV stations. On each one there was someone complaining about the killing, abduction or disappearance of a family member. At the end, the character appears upset by all the complaints.
Mpoki Thomson, The Citizen’s managing editor, said the animation depicted “events that raised concerns regarding the safety and security of individuals in Tanzania”.

A (possibly political?) murder, and a presidential response
As reported previously (see TA139), the issue raised in the video – that of disappearances of activists and opposition leaders – is genuine. Indeed, it was particularly pertinent at the time of the video’s publication, coming as it did, shortly after the brutal killing of a senior member of the main opposition party Chadema, Ali Kibao.

Mr Kibao, 69, was a retired military intelligence officer and had joined Chadema in 2008. He was forced off a bus by suspected security agents while travelling from Dar es Salaam to his hometown Tanga in early September, 2024. The post-mortem found that Mr Kibao had been “severely beaten and had acid poured on his face”, party chairman Freeman Mbowe told the AFP news agency.

Hundreds turned out for Mr Kibao’s funeral in Tanga, where people interrupted Home Affairs Minister Hamad Masauni as he tried to address the mourners. “Where is the government? People are being abducted and there’s no action,” they said. “Resign, resign, resign,” they shouted at the minister.

Mr Mbowe, who was also at the funeral, intervened, urging the crowd to allow the minister to complete his speech.

The US Embassy in Tanzania voiced their support for an “independent, transparent, and prompt investigation” into the killing of Mr Kibao. “Murder and disappearances, as well as last month’s detentions, beatings, efforts to disenfranchise citizens ahead of elections, should have no place in a democracy”.

The President herself addressed such criticism angrily in a speech in mid-September, at which she took several swipes at foreign government interference in internal matters, and contrasted the reaction to this particular murder with the lack of media and diplomatic attention for other recent acts of violence. Her speech is worth quoting at length:

“It is surprising that the death of our brother Kibao has stirred up such a huge outcry of condemnation, grief, and accusations of calling the government murderers. This is not right. Any death is just death. What we Tanzanians must do is stand together and condemn these acts, to stand firm against such behaviour. The blood of a Tanzanian should weigh on us; we should not shed blood without cause.”

“When others wish to show their compassion, we urge them to do so by adhering to the agreements of international diplomatic relations as outlined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961. … I believe that the statement made is not the directive of the heads of state from where they came.”

“The government has worked very hard to restore the freedom of political parties, the freedom of the media, and the freedom of citizens in general. Those who were in exile returned to the country; … those who had criminal cases we turned a blind eye to; those who were in prison, we released them. Now they are free and are continuing with their activities, including political activities. Our goal was to bring people together to build our country.” “Now, when those same people forget all this and engage in actions or statements that harm or set us back, we will not be willing to allow it, we will not allow it. We will protect the peace and stability of our country at any cost. Just as other countries protect theirs, we Tanzanians will protect our country at any cost.”

“I will show no leniency toward anyone who seeks to disrupt the peace of our nation,” she concluded. “We have been tolerant on many issues, but when it comes to protecting this nation’s peace, I will show no leniency to anyone involved in such matters, whether they are coordinating, participating in, or executing these evil plans.”

And another abduction

Maria Sarungi speaks at a press conference in Nairobi on 13th January, the day after the abduction.

More recently, in early January, prominent freedom of speech advocate and government critic, Maria Sarungi, was abducted in Nairobi. She later told a press briefing that she had been manhandled, choked and shouted at by four unknown assailants who forced her into a vehicle in Kenya’s capital. The activist said she was freed several hours later and left on a “rough road, in a dark place”.

“I am sure that the reason for abduction was to get access to my social media and [because of] the whistleblowing job that I do,” she said, as her abductors kept asking how to unlock her phone.

Ms Sarungi is a staunch critic of Tanzania’s President Samia Suluhu Hassan, and has accused her government of “bringing tyranny back”. She fled to Kenya in 2020, seeking asylum after facing increasing threats, she, says, from the government of late President John Magufuli.

She blamed the Tanzanian government for what happened but said she thought the abductors were both Kenyan and Tanzanian. Officials from neither government have commented on the incident.

Change Tanzania, a movement founded by Ms Sarungi, said in a statement on X it believed she had been taken by Tanzanian security agents “operating beyond Tanzania borders to silence government legitimate criticism”. It added that her “courage in standing up for justice has made her a target”.

There is some history of abductions of foreign activists in Kenya. In 2024, Ugandan opposition leader, Kizza Besigye, was kidnapped in Nairobi, allegedly by Ugandan security officials, and taken across the border for trial by a court martial. The Ugandan government said Kenya helped them in the operation, but the Kenyan government denied this.

SECOND TRUMP PRESIDENCY

by Ben Taylor

What a second Trump presidency means for Tanzania
Much of the whole world waits in trepidation (as well as excitement for some) for the implications of Donald Trump’s second presidential term, and Tanzania is no exception. After all, during his first stint in the White House, he reportedly referred to some African nations as “shithole countries”.

In November, President Samia Suluhu Hassan was quick to congratulate President Trump on his election victory. She posted on Twitter: “On behalf of the Government and the people of the United Republic of Tanzania, I extend my heartfelt congratulations to His Excellency Donald Trump, President-elect of the United States of America on your election victory. Mr. President-elect, you have my best wishes.”

There are many possible global implications of a Trump presidency – not least for global security, the climate crisis and international trade and economics. However, here we will focus on the more direct implications for Tanzania.

First, among the many actions taken by the new president in his first days in office was one that will be felt almost immediately in Tanzania: the suspension of foreign development aid. This executive order was signed by Mr Trump on his first day in office, suspending aid for 90 days to allow for an evaluation of its effectiveness and alignment with his foreign policy. “All department and agency heads responsible for U.S. foreign development aid programmes are to immediately halt new activities and expenditures for development aid,” the order stated.

This includes assistance from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), which has been instrumental in supporting various projects, including the provision of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to combat HIV/AIDS.

During his first term from 2017 to 2021, President Trump proposed slashing nearly a third of the U.S. diplomacy and aid budgets, including significantly reducing funding for United Nations peacekeeping operations and international agencies. However, Congress at the time resisted Trump’s proposals.

Second, strict immigration rules may limit opportunities for skilled Tanzanians to visit, work, or study in the US, as well as the potential deportation of Tanzanians who are currently living there. Precise numbers of Tanzanians who might be affected are hard to come by. However, in 2023, the number of African migrants recorded at the US-Mexico border was 58,000, and according to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) there are thought to be over 70,000 Tanzanians currently residing in the US, with a wide variety of immigration statuses.

It remains unclear how concertedly the new president will carry out his pledges to deport migrants. Nevertheless, given that Tanzanians living in the US already play an outsized role in Tanzanian domestic politics – largely through their vocal social media output mainly in support of opposition parties – the prospect of many of this group returning to Tanzania could have an outsized impact on political discourse within Tanzania.

Third, President Trump’s policies when it comes to trade are likely to have some – though limited – impacts directly on Tanzania. In particular, the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), which has enabled eligible African countries to export some of their produce to the US without paying taxes since 2000, is a source of concern for many countries. It is due to expire in 2025, and Mr Trump has previously stated that he will not renew. Further, he has announced his intention to introduce a universal 10% income tariff on all foreign-made goods.

However, Tanzanian producers have never taken much advantage of AGOA and exports from Tanzania to the US are low compared to many other countries in Africa.

ECONOMICS-BANKING

by Dr Hildebrand Shayo

Banking sector projected to continue supporting the Tanzanian economy in 2025
The performance assessment drawn here examines the financial per­formance and overall positions of 41 banking institutions in Tanzania for 2024, highlighting their role in supporting economic activities. The evaluation uses published financial statements mandated by the Bank of Tanzania, sourced from the respective institutions’ audited financial statements. Only two major banks will be used as cases to illustrate performance.

Tanzania’s banking subsector grew significantly and showed resilience in 2024. A review of critical financial indicators showed upward trends in profitability, asset quality, and operational efficiency. The subsector’s credit portfolio also increased significantly, with loans and advances as a percentage of total assets rising from 57% to 59%, suggesting increased business lending activity.

Compared to 2023, profitability significantly improved in 2024, with return on average assets rising from 2.1% to 3.0% and return on aver­age equity increasing from 13.4% to 20.1%. These metrics indicate better asset utilisation and higher returns for owners. The interest margin on average-earning assets remained stable at around 8%.

Positive signs for the subsector include a politically stable climate and a predicted economic growth of approximately 6% in the foreseeable future, as banks are challenged to thoroughly assess how their service delivery model incorporates environmental, social, and governance, technology, innovation, and higher capitalisation to manage risks and take advantage of emerging opportunities.

Within this context during the year, the slow rate of company formalisa­tion, difficulties with registering chattels, ongoing structural concerns with land registry prices, dependability and efficiency, difficulties with enforcing defaults, and problems with personal identification and knowing your client (KYC) all pose challenges to growth. Continued working with the government and the Bank of Tanzania (BOT) is essen­tial for overcoming these obstacles.

Likewise, banks that embrace FinTech and digital innovations, such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotic process automation (RPA), and advanced analytics, and integrate digital channels and platforms into their service delivery model are more likely to achieve optimal results. According to the FinScope 2023 report, roughly 6.4 million people, or 20% of Tanzania’s adult population, are financially excluded, leaving a big question: Where are the takers?

Discussing takers is essential, as a detailed examination of two major banks out of the top ten banks based on capitalisation significantly influencing Tanzania’s economy reveals strong growth across all key financial metrics. This includes notable increases in income, profit, assets, and deposits, along with an improving return on equity and a low non-performing loan ratio.

The banks disclosed a significant 21% increase in profits year over year for September 2024. Profit before tax reached TSh 687 billion during the reviewed period, compared to TSh 569 billion in the corresponding period of the previous year.

From TSh 861 billion the year before to TSh 1 trillion this year, interest income was a massive jump for most banks. The increase of 19% from TSh 7 trillion in September 2023 to TSh 8.4 trillion in the loan portfolio was the main driver of the 17% gain in interest income. In September 2024, the bank’s lending profitability was further solidified by its net interest income margin of 77%.

For instance, in September 2024, NMB’s assets increased by 16% over the previous year, going from 11.5 trillion to 13.3 trillion. Higher lend­ing and investment in government securities are the primary drivers of this trend. The bank’s non-performing loans are at 3%, which was within the minimum requirement set by the regulator, which is 5%. This demonstrates that the bank has a good asset composition and is suitable for lending to enterprises.

This indicates that customers from diverse backgrounds have made deposits totalling TSh 9 billion, reflecting a 12% increase. In response to the rising demand for loans, the bank has raised its borrowings by 40%, maintaining a total of one trillion Tanzanian shillings from the previous year to the current year.

Another important bank that plays a significant role in the economy of Tanzania – CRDB – has also demonstrated that it is profitable, resilient, and has increased efficiency. The bank maintained its lead as the largest bank in Tanzania, holding the highest client deposits totalling TSh 10 trillion. Compared to others, the bank holds the largest balance sheet in the industry, totalling TSh 16 trillion, making it the leader in the market. The assets of the bank climbed by 26% during the year, which was driven by a growth in the amount of loans issued, investments in government securities, and balances with other financial institutions.

At the end of Quarter 3 2024, the profit before taxes of CRDB increased by 42%, going from TSh 411 billion to TSh 583 billion. The reduction of operational expenses and the raising of both interest and non-interest income are the factors that contribute to the expansion of profits. After reaching 861 billion in the previous year, interest income increased to 1.1 trillion TSh during the period under consideration, representing a 30% increase. The bank recorded a net interest margin of 72%, which indicates the bank’s efficiency in terms of profitability.

The bank’s strategic emphasis on digital banking has produced favour-able outcomes, evidenced by a 26% increase in non-interest income, totalling TSh 396 billion. Digital banking has resulted in fees and com­missions accounting for 80% of non-interest income. CRDB has secured the highest customer deposits, totalling TSh 10 trillion, reflecting an 18% increase from TSh 8.5 trillion reported in the prior year.

The bank’s borrowings rose by 56% in September 2024 to accommo­date the growing loan demand. During the reviewed quarter, loans and advances grew by 24%, reaching 10 trillion, up from 8.1 trillion in the previous year. The cost-to-income ratio is 46%, compliant with the regulator’s requirement of 55%. Nonperforming loans (NPL) declined to 2.6% in September 2024, down from 3.2% in the preceding quarter.

The performance of banking sub-sectors and listed equities, crucial for driving economic activities in Tanzania, has been robust in 2024, demonstrating profitability, asset quality, and efficiency improvements. Despite significant challenges in interest margins, the overall health of the sub-sector remained strong, indicating substantial potential for sustained growth that could significantly influence the economy in 2025 and beyond.

TOURISM & ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

by James L.Laizer

Ngorongoro Conservation Area Sees Renewed Optimism
The Ngorongoro Conservation Area is undergoing a significant transformation following President Samia Suluhu Hassan’s directive in August 2024 to restore essential services. This intervention has brought much-needed relief to residents long burdened by neglect and human rights challenges, including economic, social, and political restrictions that have severely impacted their livelihoods. In response, President Samia dispatched a high-level team comprising Prof Palamagamba Kabudi, William Lukuvi, and Arusha Regional Commissioner Paul Makonda to engage with the community and address their grievances. Within two days of the directive, the Ngorongoro District Council launched an assessment of immediate community needs, identifying TSh. 2 billion as necessary for rehabilitating schools, health centres, and roads. Reforms have extended beyond infrastructure improvements. Residents are no longer required to pay vehicle parking fees, and the entry deadline into the conservation area has been extended from 4:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., easing daily hardships previously faced by the Maasai community.

While these changes represent significant progress, more action is needed to fully address the community’s challenges. The Ngorongoro Conservation Authority must grant permits for new construction projects, and the government must lift long-standing restrictions on civil society organizations, which have been prevented from supporting the community for years. To strengthen these efforts, President Samia met with Maasai traditional elders (Malaigwanani) on 1st December 2024, to address their concerns. She announced the formation of two commissions: one to resolve land disputes and another to oversee a voluntary relocation programme. The President reiterated her commitment to improving the relationship between the government and the community while strengthening the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority. To some degree, these initiatives have reignited hope in Ngorongoro. By working to address grievances and promoting inclusive development, the government is hoping to foster sustainable growth and enhance conservation efforts.

Tanzania Achieves Remarkable Tourism Growth
On 9th December, 2024, Tanzania marked 63 years of independence, and the country continued to show solid progress in tourism; nearing the government’s goal of five million visitors by 2025. According to the Bank of Tanzania (BoT), over two million international tourists visited by August 2024, generating a record of $3.5 billion in revenue. This milestone underscores tourism’s critical role in Tanzania’s GDP and its ongoing significance as a cornerstone of the national economy. Tanzania’s global leadership in tourism was reaffirmed by its recognition as the World’s Leading Travel Destination for the second consecutive year at the World Travel Awards. This achievement is credited to President Samia Suluhu Hassan’s attention to the sector, particularly initiated via her ‘Royal Tour’ documentary, which has showcased the nation’s stunning landscapes, iconic wildlife, and rich cultural heritage to a global audience. In a recent report, CNN further elevated Tanzania’s global standing by naming it one of the world’s top 23 travel destinations.

Tourism now accounts for over 17% of Tanzania’s GDP and 25% of its foreign earnings. To achieve the $6 billion revenue target by 2025, the government is executing the Third Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP III), focusing on diversifying tourism products and promoting the southern circuit. Industry and government initiatives in Tanzania have acted as a useful stimulus to the tourism sector post-pandemic, further establishing Tanzania as significant market, especially in the safari sector – and in particular in the northern circuit and beaches.

Preserving Tanzania’s Mangroves: A Struggle for Sustainability

Mangroves being planted under the ReSea project with Mission Inclusion – photo missioninclusion.ca

The conflict between the Village Land Act of 1999 and the Forest Act of 2002 remains a key factor driving mangrove forest destruction in Tanzania. By 2020, more than 7,000 hectares of mangroves were cleared from the 53,255 hectares in the Rufiji Delta, primarily for agricultural activities. This destruction persists despite extensive research under­scoring the critical role of mangroves in combating climate change. In 2020, the United Nations University (UNU) and the Institute for Environment and Human Security highlighted that mangroves are significantly more effective in sequestering carbon dioxide than other forest types. Globally, over a quarter of mangrove forests have been lost in the past 40 years. The Rufiji Delta, which hosts East Africa’s largest mangrove forest, and Kilwa District in Lindi Region, home to 23,422 hectares of mangroves, face severe threats from unsustainable farming, livestock grazing and climate change, and legal conflicts. Rice farming alone occupies more than 10,000 hectares in the delta, exacerbating deforestation.

While the Forest Act emphasizes conservation, the Village Land Act permits land clearing, creating legal disputes rooted in the 1971 Ujamaa policy that established villages within mangrove reserves. Community dissatisfaction compounds the challenge. Local farmers have criti­cized mangrove restoration efforts for disrupting agriculture without adequate consultation or support. Many urge the government to strike a balance between conservation and sustaining livelihoods. In response, the government is set to launch the National Mangrove Management Strategy in July 2025, aligning with World Mangrove Day. This strategy seeks to resolve legal and administrative conflicts, strengthen policy enforcement, and engage stakeholders in conservation efforts. Updated guidelines divide mangroves into zones for conservation, harvesting, restoration, and investment, allowing for the regulated use of specific species. Mangrove conservation in Tanzania dates back to 1898 under German colonial rule and was later expanded by the British in 1928. Today, mangroves span the Tanzanian coastline, from Tanga to Mtwara, playing an essential role in mitigating climate change and preserving biodiversity.

EDUCATION

by Ben Taylor

Technology to help with teacher shortages?
In June 2024, the government unveiled its Draft National Digital Education Strategy 2024/25 – 2029/30. Taken together with the Secondary Education Quality Improvement Project (SEQUIP), this represents an ambitious bet on technology as a means to improving learning outcomes, including to lessen the impact of teacher shortages.

In 2023 alone, 17,700 desktops and 10,384 laptops were distributed to primary schools, and secondary schools received over 31,000 desktops and 10,000 laptops. Around six out of ten of these primary schools were connected to the national electricity grid, and seven out of ten of the secondary schools.

Alongside this, over 3,000 school teachers have undergone ICT training in two phases, with the aim of equipping teachers with the skills to integrate technology into their teaching practices.

This was all funded by a government allocation of TSh18 billion in the 2023/24 fiscal year to purchase ICT equipment for schools.

For decades, Tanzania has grappled with a teacher deficit, particularly in science subjects. “ICT is a game-changer in education. It allows us to address teacher shortages and improve the quality of learning,” said minister of State in the President’s Office—Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG), Mr Mohamed Mchengerwa, during the launch of the first phase of ICT equipment distribution.

“With digital classrooms, a teacher in Kibaha can teach students in remote areas like Kigoma and Lindi simultaneously,” he added.
The government has also invested in creating e-content, particularly for STEM subjects. Tutorial videos featuring multimedia elements help students grasp complex topics in Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. “We are building a foundation for a knowledge-based society,” said Mr Mchengerwa. “This is not just an investment in education but in the future of our country.”

Debate over public English-medium primary schools
A debate has arisen among education stakeholders following the government’s decision to establish English medium public primary schools, a move that has drawn both praise and criticism. Some see this as a step towards diversifying education choices for parents, others fear it could widen social inequalities within Tanzania’s education system.

Dar es Salaam Regional Commissioner Albert Chalamila and Ubungo District Commissioner Hassan Bomboko recently announced a decision to “upgrade” Ubungo National Housing Primary School into an English medium institution, thus demonstrating the government’s intent.

For supporters, public English medium schools present a viable alternative to private institutions, which often charge exorbitant fees. Parents like Sophia Amoni from Sinza applaud the government’s effort. “I’ve always wanted my child to attend a quality school, but private schools were beyond my reach. Paying TSh400,000 annually for an English medium public school is manageable and gives my child a chance to excel,” she said.

Critics, however, argue that the move undermines Kiswahili as the primary medium of instruction, a policy cornerstone outlined in the Education and Training Policy of 2014 (updated in 2023). They also caution against fostering perceptions that English medium schools are inherently superior.

HakiElimu Executive Director John Kalage voiced these concerns. “The notion that schools teaching in English are better than those teaching in Kiswahili is not only misguided but also dangerous. It deepens social stratification and perpetuates inequality,” he said.

The government defended the move, arguing that it broadens the choices available to parents while improving English language proficiency among students. “We are not replacing Kiswahili medium schools; we are complementing them,” the Minister for Education, Science, and Technology, Prof Adolf Mkenda, explained. “Parents now have three options: public English medium schools, private English medium schools, and Kiswahili medium public schools.”

The minister also addressed concerns about fees, noting that parents near English medium public schools are not obligated to pay unless they agree to contribute to additional resources.

Nevertheless, many stakeholders remain sceptical about the affordability of these schools. Parents typically are asked to pay between TSh 300,000 and TSh 600,000 annually for their children to attend public English medium schools. “These fees exclude low-income families, forcing them to send their children to Kiswahili medium schools, which are often farther away,” said Dr Kalage.

Higher education: expansion struggles against staffing challenges
With the World Bank-financed Higher Education for Economic Transformation (HEET) project well underway, a significant expansion in university facilities is already taking place. The project has enabled the construction of new campuses in underserved regions like Kagera, Lindi, and Zanzibar, for example. This move aims to improve equitable access to higher education.

However, education experts warn that opening more campuses without addressing the human resource deficit will compromise the quality of education. “Expanding campuses is vital for access, but quality must accompany quantity,” said education consultant Ms Mary Nalieka. “Without enough qualified lecturers, we risk creating institutions that cannot deliver on their mandate.”

Statistics from the Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU) paint a concerning picture. By 2023, only 33% of academic staff held PhDs, while 52% had master’s degrees. Other reports say that universities such as the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) have fewer than 50 professors.

The shortage of lecturers is partly attributed to the exodus of academics to better-paying opportunities abroad or other lucrative sectors, including politics. Experienced scholars often leave, creating a vacuum that younger, less experienced academics struggle to fill. “Retention is as important as recruitment,” noted an education consultant, Dr Sarah Mushi.

Experts propose a multi-pronged approach, including expanding postgraduate opportunities for local lecturers, particularly in STEM fields. They also suggest enhancement of salaries, housing allowances, and research grants to attract and retain talent as well as welcome collaborative ideas with international universities for mentorship and exchange programmes.

Ms Nalieka summarised the stakes: “The next two years are crucial. We must focus on building a robust academic workforce to match the physical expansion. Only then can we achieve the transformative goals of the HEET project.”

HEALTH

by Ben Taylor

Tanzania announces single Marburg virus case
In January, 2025, President Samia Suluhu Hassan announced that a single case of the Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) had been detected in Biharamulo District, Kagera Region. She went on to assure the public that the country has successfully controlled the spread of the disease.

This announcement comes six days after the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that eight individuals had died from suspected Marburg virus infections in the region. Speaking alongside the WHO Director-General, Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, in Dar es Salaam on January 20th, President Hassan reiterated that the nation had managed to contain the outbreak early on, with all suspected cases tested negative for the virus.

The President elaborated on the government’s swift response. She explained that a team was formed and sent on January 11 to investigate the cases and to ensure that the public was informed. Samples were tested at the Kabaile Laboratory in Kagera before being sent for further analysis at the National Laboratory in Dar es Salaam. “One person was found to be infected with the virus, while others tested negative,” President Hassan reported.

This marks the second time the country has experienced a Marburg virus outbreak, following the detection of cases in March 2023 in Bukoba District. “As of January 20, 2025, 25 samples have been tested, and only one person has been found infected, making this the second outbreak. However, the country is currently safe, and no further infections have been detected,” she added.

The President further stated that investigations into the source of the outbreak are ongoing.

In support of the efforts to contain the virus, Dr Tedros praised the country’s swift action, commending President Hassan’s leadership for controlling the outbreak. He confirmed that WHO is providing a financial aid package of $3 million (approximately TSh7.5 billion) to support the response. “We believe that, as Tanzania successfully controlled the outbreak two years ago, the country will manage to control this disease as well. WHO is providing $3 million to support control efforts and strengthen disease monitoring systems,” Dr Tedros said.

Dr Tedros also reiterated that Tanzania is now free of further infections and remains open to international activities, including tourism and business.

The Marburg virus, which causes severe haemorrhagic fever, is highly contagious and often fatal. Symptoms include high fever, back pain, vomiting blood, and internal and external bleeding. WHO has warned that the proximity of Kagera Region to neighbouring countries elevates the risk of cross-border transmission.

Health experts have emphasized the importance of community awareness, robust surveillance, and international cooperation to prevent further spread.

TRANSPORT

by Ben Taylor

TAZARA upgrade (and privatisation?) on the cards
Tanzania, China, and Zambia have signed a significant agreement aimed at upgrading the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) railway. The signing ceremony took place at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing in September and was witnessed by President Samia Suluhu Hassan of Tanzania, President Xi Jinping of China, and President Hakainde Hichilema from Zambia.

It was not stated how much the project will cost or the financing modality, but China in February proposed spending $1 billion to rehabilitate the rail line through a public-private partnership model.

The Memorandum of Understanding anticipates that rehabilitation of infrastructure and rolling stock would take two years, and in the longer term traffic would increase from 0·5 million to approximately 2 million metric tonnes per year. “China is willing to take this summit as an opportunity to make new progress in the revitalisation of the Tanzania-Zambia railway, cooperate to improve the rail-sea intermodal transport network in East Africa, and build Tanzania into a demonstration zone for deepening high-quality China-Africa Belt and Road cooperation,” President Xi said.

The decision to upgrade the TAZARA railway comes at a time when regional trade between Southern and East Africa is becoming increasingly important. The improvements are expected to boost trade and economic cooperation not only between Tanzania and Zambia but also with China, which has been a key partner in the development of African infrastructure.

Later, speaking at the Joint Transport Sector Review, held in Arusha in October, the Minister for Transport Prof Makame Mbarawa, said that the government is in the process of transferring the operation of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) to the private sector to improve its efficiency and boost performance in the transportation of cargo.

He urged both domestic and foreign private entities capable of providing wagons and engines to seize the opportunity to utilise the railway for a special access fee.

“Now that the laws, rules and the policy have changed, our next step is to inform private sector stakeholders to submit their applications for this operational opportunity on our railways,” said Prof Mbarawa. “We have already identified a Chinese company and on September 5 we signed an MoU in China between the governments of Tanzania, Zambia and the designated Chinese company. We are currently discussing leasing terms, costs, duration and other concession details,” he explained. He added that their aim was to complete this process by the end of 2024.

Elsewhere, it was reported that the China Civil Engineering Construction Corp (CCECC) is in active negotiations for a 30-year concession to operate the Tanzania-Zambia Railway network and revitalise the infrastructure and rolling stock. CCECC built the Chinese-funded line in the 1970s, and recently undertook a comprehensive business and technical inspection of the network.

Separately, earlier in 2024, the World Bank approved a USD$270mn grant to support improvements in transport and trade connectivity between Zambia, Tanzania and Southern Africa. According to the World Bank, the money will be used to rehabilitate a portion of the TAZARA in Zambia, develop a modern border post between Zambia and Tanzania and introduce other supporting infrastructure. (Daily News, The Citizen)

SGR celebrated, but faces teething troubles
The much-acclaimed upgrade to the rail line connecting Dar es Salaam with Dodoma – and beyond – which began operations earlier in 2024, has encountered some significant operational challenges.

In early November, a temporary maintenance issue halted trains, leaving hundreds of passengers stranded for several hours while a technical team addressed the problem. TRC (Tanzania Rail Corporation) issued a statement informing passengers of the temporary disruption and apologised for the inconvenience caused by the operational fault.
The potential and advantages of the upgraded and electrified line is clear, not least in the rapid 3-hour journey time between Dar and Dodoma – making the journey much quicker than buses (typically 7 hours) and cheaper than flights.

“It is awesome,” said one passenger. “You cannot compare it with the old train: it’s convenient, it’s clean, it’s easy.”

Machibya Masanja of TRC says at least 7,000 passengers travel on the eight daily services on the line, which is already approaching capacity. He told the BBC that the demand has been so high that “we cannot meet it with those trips we are making per day. We expect the number will double or triple.”

Since the SGR services launched between Dar es Salaam and Morogoro in June, and extended to Dodoma in August, TRC has reported collecting TSh 30bn from ticket sales as of November 30.

Further, TRC director of public operations, Mr Focus Sahani, said TRC was expecting to receive the first batch of 250 cargo wagons in December 2024, with plans for a total of 1,439 wagons to support the route from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma.

Some of that potential is undermined, however, according to reports from other customers that boarding takes as much as two hours due to “excessive” airline-style security measures. Complaints have also focussed on the banning of passengers taking their own food on the journey.

In recognition of another challenge, Tanzania Railways Corporation (TRC) has announced plans to import hybrid engines that run on both electricity and diesel to ensure uninterrupted operations of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) in the event of power outages. Earlier in the year, amid public concerns over electricity supply reliability, TRC Director General Masanja Kadogosa reassured Tanzanians that the electric trains would have a dedicated power system independent of the national grid, a design that minimises the risk of operational disruptions.

Further, TRC is intensifying efforts to safeguard the SGR infrastructure. Collaboration with law enforcement agencies has led to the arrest of multiple suspects involved in vandalism, though exact figures have not been disclosed. TRC also has plans to install CCTV cameras from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma. “Cameras have already been installed in high-risk areas, and the remaining installations will commence soon,” Mr Kadogosa noted.

Meanwhile, SGR railway construction is ongoing, with more phases under construction: from Tabora to Kigoma and aiming to connect to Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

In a boost for the project, the African Development Bank (AfDB) has joined forces with Deutsche Bank and France’s Société Générale to spearhead a financing syndication strategy aimed at raising up to $1.2 billion for the section connecting Kigoma and Tabora. “We are excited to be part of this landmark project,” said Deutsche Bank’s Managing Director for Africa, Myriam Ouazzani. “The SGR will not only connect countries but will also spur job creation and promote regional economic integration.”

Hope for the upgraded remains high, though some doubts remain. “Let’s enjoy the SGR while it lasts,” wrote one commentator. “Revel in the gliding trains and the three-hour journeys. Reality is cruel: diesel engines will replace electric engines and this shiny new toy is going to get rusty. Very rusty.”

Air travel setbacks – and growth
In a setback for Air Tanzania’s growth prospects, the European Union has banned the airline from using EU airspace, citing safety concerns. The move is of no immediate practical significance as Air Tanzania does not operate any flights to the European Union.

According to the EU statement issued on December 13, 2024, Air Tanzania’s inclusion on the list stems from safety issues identified by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).

Commenting on the ban, Tanzania’s chief government spokesperson, Gerson Msigwa, stated that ATCL was in talks with the EU to acquire landing slots in the EU Zone. Msigwa clarified that efforts are underway to obtain the necessary licensing for the national carrier to enter EU airspace, aligning with the bloc’s stringent aviation rules and regulations.

“The decision to include Air Tanzania in the EU Air Safety List underscores our unwavering commitment to ensuring the highest safety standards for passengers in Europe and worldwide,” said Apostolos Tzitzikostas, EU Commissioner for Sustainable Transport and Tourism. “We strongly urge Air Tanzania to take swift and decisive action to address these safety issues. I have offered the Commission’s assistance to the Tanzanian authorities in enhancing Air Tanzania’s safety performance and achieving full compliance with international aviation standards.”

In other news, the company had reason to celebrate, with the resumption of flights to South Africa following the resolution of a long-standing dispute. An Air Tanzania Airbus A220-300 had been impounded in Johannesburg, South Africa, following an order by the High Court of South Africa, amid a protracted legal battle between the Tanzanian government and retired farmer Hermanus Steyn. Details of the settlement that enabled the resumption of flights remain undisclosed.

TCL managing director Ladislaus Matindi said that the South African route will be a resounding success, driven by rising demand for travel between the two countries. “Many people view each country as a second home to the other, and as Tanzania’s national carrier, we feel that we are returning home,” he added.

Meanwhile, Air France announced a resumption of flights to Kilimanjaro International Airport after an absence of 28 years. Air France will operate three flights a week between KIA and Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris. This is the latest expansion of Air France services to Tanzania, following their introduction of flights to Zanzibar twice a week via Nairobi since 2021 and direct flights from Paris to Dar es Salaam since 2023.

ENERGY & MINERALS

by Ben Taylor

Gold reserve boosted
President Samia Suluhu Hassan announced in October 2024 that the Bank of Tanzania (BOT) has set aside TSh 1tn for a domestic gold purchase programme aimed at boosting the country’s gold reserves.

The intention is to address foreign currency shortages, which have been a major obstacle to the development of various sectors, including mining.

She emphasized that the implementation of this program is already underway, with amendments made to the Mining Act under Section 59, requiring license holders and mineral traders to sell 20% of their gold production to the BOT.

President Samia also revealed that the central bank is offering attractive incentives under the program, including royalty fees reduced from 6% to 4%, eliminating inspection fees and providing zero-rated VAT.

In addition to the gold purchase program, the President announced that the government has allocated TSh 250bn as part of a loan guarantee scheme to support mineral buyers, enabling them to borrow and operate more effectively. “All of this is to ensure that the mining sector grows, and that a certain percentage of wealth remains in the country as a future guarantee,” the President explained.

She further emphasised the importance of the mining sector to Tanzania’s economy, highlighting its role in improving the lives of citizens and contributing significantly to the nation’s foreign currency earnings. “Last year, the mining sector contributed approximately 56% of all foreign exchange earnings,” she said, “making it the leading sector in this regard.”

Chairman of the Federation of Miners Associations of Tanzania (FEMATA), John Bina, said when the gold purchase programme was introduced, there was some concern, but that miners’ leaders and the government have already resolved the issue. “Throughout the BOT programme, we have been actively involved with miners nationwide. We have reached a consensus to sell 20 per cent of our mineral resources to BOT as a demonstration of our patriotism,” he said. (Daily News)

Date announced for auctioning oil and gas blocks
Tanzania is set to auction 26 petroleum exploration blocks in its 5th licensing round in March 2025. The Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Energy, Dr James Mataragio, disclosed this in Cape Town, South Africa, on November 5, 2024, while delivering a presentation on Tanzania’s oil and gas sector overview and investment opportunities at the African Energy Week. 23 of the blocks are offshore in the Indian Ocean, while three are located in Lake Tanganyika.

Further, Dr Mataragio highlighted the government’s efforts to ensure a successful licensing round. In this regard, he mentioned that the country is in the final stages of reviewing the Model Production Sharing Agreement, among other tools, to make contractual and fiscal terms more attractive. He explained that the terms that have been improved to attract more investment include the royalty rate, cost recovery limit, profit oil/gas split, state participation, rental fees, bonuses, and taxes.

Hydro-power capacity drives shift away from gas-fired power generation
With four turbines (of nine that are planned) now in operation at the Julius Nyerere Hydroelectric Power Plant (JNHPP) – at Stielger’s Gorge on the Rufiji river – the government has clearly indicated its intention to move away from the use of natural gas to generate electricity. The immediate casualty was the Songas power plant at Ubungo, Dar es Salaam, where a power purchase agreement was not renewed. A previous interim power purchase agreement was allowed to expire at the end of October 2024.

Songas has been a government partner for 20 years, with figures from its website indicating that it generated 190 megawatts (MW) of electricity, using gas from the Songo Songo gas reserves and selling all the electricity it produced to Tanesco.

The company, in which the government of Tanzania holds a 46% stake, through its Tanesco, Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) and Tanzania Development Finance Company Limited (TDFL), also processes and transports natural gas to other power generators and industrial customers.

“The Songas power plant has ceased production as of October 31 and is safe and secure,” Songas managing director, Mr Anael Samuel, told The Citizen newspaper. “Songas will continue discussing the next steps with the government of Tanzania, Tanesco and other key stakeholders including the current staff employed by Songas,” he added.

“The government’s decision not to continue with this contract is to protect the country’s broader interests,” said Tanesco in a statement. “Therefore, the government, through the Ministry of Energy and Tanesco, will continue to oversee the electricity sub-sector to ensure a high-quality, sustainable and reliable electricity supply.” It assured consumers that the current electricity generation exceeds the available demand after the recent increase in the electricity generated by JNHPP to the national grid.

Tanzania’s electricity generation has increased from 1,695MW in 2021/22 to 2,373MW in 2023/24, with a target of reaching 4,915MW by 2025/26, according to the Minister of State in the President’s Officer for Planning and Investment, Prof Kitila Mkumbo, who on Friday presented next year’s government plan to the Parliament. He said that current electricity demand stands at 1,767MW, leaving a considerable surplus.

It is expected that Songas will respond to the situation by claiming about $90 million (about TSh 250 billion) from Tanesco in outstanding payments. There are also a number of existing claims between Songas and the government relating to disputed past payments and tax liabilities.